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Pipe ramming is a trenchless method for installation of steel pipes and casings. Distances of 30 m (150 feet) or more and over 1,500 mm (60 inches) in diameter are common, although the method can be used for much longer and larger installations. The method is useful for pipe and casing installations under railway lines and roads, where other trenchless methods could cause surface settling or heaving. The majority of installations are horizontal, although the method can be used for vertical installations.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=ODOT Pipe Ramming Research - An Overview : Oregon State University )〕 The method uses pneumatic percussive blows to drive the pipe through the ground. The leading edge of the pipe is almost always open, and is typically closed only when smaller pipes are being installed. Its shape allows a small overcut (to reduce friction between the pipe and soil and improve load conditions on the pipe) and to direct the soil into the pipe interior instead of compacting it outside the pipe. These objectives are usually achieved by attaching a soil-cutting shoe or special bands to the pipe. Further reduction of friction is typically achieved with lubrication, and different types of bentonite and/or polymers can be used (as in horizontal directional boring) for this purpose. Spoil removal from the pipe can be done after the entire pipe is in place (shorter installations). If the pipe containing the spoil becomes too heavy before the installation s complete, the ramming can be interrupted and the pipe cleaned (longer installations). Spoil can be removed by auger, compressed air or water jetting. Recent research on instrumented pipe ramming installations has allowed the development of pipe ramming-specific models for static soil resistance and dynamic model parameters for simulating drivability of rammed pipes.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Static Soil Resistance to Pipe Ramming in Granular Soils : Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Drivability Analyses for Pipe-Ramming Installations : Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering )〕 These procedures can be used to estimate the feasibility of pipe ramming installations. ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「pipe ramming」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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